a hydrogen atom, and a variable component called a side chain (see below). Within a protein, multiple amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds, thereby forming a long chain. Peptide bonds ...

and enabling critical biological functions such as protein folding and DNA structure. Yet despite their significance, quantifying hydrogen bonds in complex or confined environments has long been a ...

developed a novel strategy to stabilize *COOH intermediate and enhance electrochemical CO 2 reduction by constructing and modulating the hydrogen-bonding microenvironment around catalytic sites.

Proteins can further fold and assemble into complex structures, such as α-helices and β-sheets, which are stabilized by various interactions, including hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, and ...

Hydrogen bonds are the invisible forces that hold water molecules together, giving water its unique properties, from high boiling point to surface tension, and enabling critical biological functions ...