Because life expectancy and the prevalence of risk factors such as hypertension, obesity and diabetes are rising globally, heart failure (HF) is growing into a major health problem. Impairment of ...

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Chronic heart failure occurs when either the left ventricle, the right ventricle, or both require elevated filling pressures to maintain cardiac output. Heart failure is a syndrome, not a specific ...

A left ventricular aneurysm can form after a transmural myocardial infarction and involves dilation of the left ventricular wall in an abnormal fashion. Most commonly, the apex of the heart is ...

You have full access to this article via your institution. Figure 1: a, Shift in calmodulin-associated CnA isoforms in the failing human left ventricle. Of the three calcineurin A isoforms (α, β ...