However, in an Islamic legal framework the recitation is not music, and to call it so is insulting. The problem is that the term “music,” representing some combination of instruments and voice, does ...

II (Astronomy), Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at Frankfurt, Germany, in 2003. Scientists illustrate through computerized models how Medieval Arabs and Muslims used their ...

The Taliban have burned musical instruments in Afghanistan ... other severe restrictions under their strict interpretation of Islamic law. Women have borne the brunt of these harsh measures.