Interv Cardiol. 2012;4(5):527-536. The venous anatomy of the lower leg is made up of two axial systems, a superficial and a deep venous system. The superficial system lies above the muscle fascia ...

The IVC starts in the lower back where the right and left common iliac veins (two major leg veins) have joined together. It runs under the abdominal cavity along the right side of the spinal ...

Calf muscles play a crucial role in supporting heart function, often referred to as our "second heart." While the heart continuously pumps blood throughout the body, it relies on the calf muscles ...